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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old4 T5 P6 C" N' d: m
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical  i  M- E  V# E6 T' i% P8 O, n1 ~
Exposure to Testosterone
$ ^7 f) d. s& K% tSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
, q0 f8 ^& @7 q2 D2 ?5 Fand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 s" @8 _% m& c5 e) Q
Clinical Pediatrics
5 e* b. z! K! W* xVolume 46 Number 6) G" C) W9 f( B+ f$ s! j3 ?
July 2007 540-5430 Z7 R2 p& `5 N" R2 o4 t6 Z: k
© 2007 Sage Publications* t) C. `3 e. u' x4 r
10.1177/00099228062966517 @7 t4 O8 i- m* j
http://clp.sagepub.com
* R! i# O* u2 ]# o( y: }1 G( q7 A/ Dhosted at
( m3 y  A' W- X4 |' L! D* Yhttp://online.sagepub.com
' q# r. P6 @8 Z3 a' cPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 \+ I9 b! L' u: K: S: Jis a significant concern for physicians. Central
2 O6 h3 q/ n; V$ cprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated5 a; y% T8 |) P/ }. \8 q
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has. }- c' L+ j* h1 t4 w. q
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
# n' P, C  x  t( ~7 olesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
% Y* m# _& Y# Q0 p# y3 uby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
, g" r+ M: n7 J( t" D, @hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-9 B* G& e/ ?; I1 N, M; @! }
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We; J/ \& V  ^+ L4 Y7 Y8 u6 _
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
5 y4 b3 ^8 u! Z. Ienlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-/ U6 ?- Z# X* I  Z1 b* N
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due( |# [+ H9 Z) U- ?, t; n
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
* ^# {( u! e$ i; k5 i. rthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-4 u/ ^, p% a) j
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
  r9 s$ v# T- D. K, M7 H8 o& }; Wchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of' b: h+ t& p8 g1 e  d9 o. D: ^  o
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
6 Y3 z# R& K/ G, fbly more common than the rare case report in the5 J, Q) c# N. {
literature.4
: r/ p; h% L4 `6 d1 s  p; u0 cPatient Report* g" b# U0 r- A, \0 j5 ?
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
  D; T' V% Y. j0 d/ G! s: iendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern  l8 l( `7 C' f% x0 O, r' K
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
) t) K' e" R1 l$ jlight colored pubic hair development when he was/ J7 ^7 G. B- k; j1 A9 t( e6 t
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
- j" i9 N; E. y( aSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.( K# Y" x9 _) u1 m  o
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,( ~6 O$ x- _6 X9 L: d% q
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
1 i3 I: m- ^5 {0 {Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
1 D, ]2 U0 a' p6 R' l2 ^( Ue-mail: [email protected].
  y9 f0 B" ^+ B. h7 I$ Aabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became) ~, F3 W2 \! {5 C: o) H0 x
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
! W* z3 z* E8 F0 K# bment of his penis and frequent erections. The child7 Z0 Y2 a, r) j% x: k
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
- C. _" i' n! t9 Ya birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
' X1 [. M8 a! r, Q* A4 S6 k+ K20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year: o* A7 f" v  r1 C; I
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with$ l* s$ x3 ?, U! U- V7 N
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery," i, G4 s+ w5 G* M+ g6 V% s
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development* F: e) R5 c' ]# z
was age appropriate.
  a8 i  j1 b0 o, I3 D5 CThe family history was remarkable for the father,. F. L! c9 {; k
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; E. J4 }* h9 N" \5 pwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
6 p" z& D7 m* `  D4 r2 Qheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat2 B8 k' m# V; J7 I# t
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
( v! l( y# q, W; k$ a3 pThe father denied taking any other medication. The
: O% A, T8 _4 N/ w/ V" }, achild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
" H( ^" D: H) n" \) owas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet, F! h% w/ e7 l0 u; b
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-8 b& C# b4 G4 L% K8 Q
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
" h" B& ~) H1 @( U8 Htives. There were no siblings.
5 V' L* U; O! ?( v2 A% p5 nPhysical Examination
; k7 e% D# y% cThe physical examination revealed a very active,
7 o& F# d7 Y) r; w0 Z6 z& iplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented; d  B% H9 W- v
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
0 J* S" }" t6 p, D) L, ~0 t90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg% k0 }5 V7 d9 q/ ^" v6 B6 [2 n
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
8 A. M0 K, X6 h6 C; ~, R; I# J9 dvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of$ q+ B; l5 n7 n& V
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
  \" X5 u7 r5 j+ AThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for: h- o- D8 r, `; Q% w4 J
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of/ C. V/ e- A& m% A- I  @3 _
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
1 D6 v* j0 Y; j( f+ N9 M) Rdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
% X1 N& u  D& i7 c540
, I9 ^. `% ^. r6 Z+ _at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 s5 Q: c, w1 R5 c( @
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The: K7 ^4 w1 t. w, [! L
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
2 c8 `9 R- ]0 V" fThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat! G6 l4 L. V% e$ M& k
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no5 n+ X) t2 x% p$ o1 X" Z' k
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.8 d' ~( l4 ^% w: g5 d4 S! ~- _
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
* N! \' q& u$ n; zbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion2 p5 s# e8 m3 K/ ^9 U+ v7 E$ W
of papilledema.) ~$ C7 D) J. T; `' z
Laboratory Evaluation
1 S6 U" \9 r  j+ L& u4 cThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by9 N. w6 ?4 [# ^8 P6 L! a# v7 D) h
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-; j" F  r- I3 S) W- n
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal. F% B4 P( ]$ z
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
3 V0 d( L( b: k1 Z% A& M; F* gshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-( x% O. p* d) ?
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).% |' H; w6 r% Y6 A" ]7 [; q7 w7 a0 h/ E% F
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood1 l, c! C5 `0 Y/ Z& r  ]0 t
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were4 j, r  N8 I2 x7 B0 p; {
within normal range for his age. The concentration
% t1 v5 Z4 V- V" rof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL2 x' M% d+ U+ n0 A' {- a! v
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
8 T9 m7 H7 l! y. C/ ong/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
5 k. s4 c/ C3 ^6 Y. o: rterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL)," G% i* R# I; V  W$ h8 Q
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to( K) U( Y0 f$ N% Y
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
" p7 j0 A  [  s' U6 S# e( Bwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
! |5 ?2 w4 Z0 v8 Btisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total( T/ p: a: U& O# D
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
. H; r* f, f1 l* o  mand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than' T  R- A" v2 i  X( @' h0 t# O
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular. i) y! \+ F1 @" i! o
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 V  \# J8 ~6 t* I
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL1 `0 ?" z3 e# r3 e, X7 o$ O
(prepubertal).2 S5 y0 Z# K) H7 o6 Y$ e6 L  i& y
The parents were notified about the laboratory0 v9 o' @# {3 o2 O
results and were informed that all of the tests were( {6 @0 ?1 |* h( I3 G1 V
normal except the testosterone level was high. The* w* m5 X. w9 ?4 C
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
: j3 ?3 _8 d1 `. P2 U( pobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
) w& A* L) x$ h6 ?! l% r# P& Xever, the family did not return for 4 months.1 k2 t! x1 |1 {# i2 A9 r
Physical examination at this time revealed that the# U( H# w, B- U; |
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained/ L" [; p9 {% i/ r7 v1 s, b
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
# S( V% B% X: m! }1 w0 k+ lunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
5 ?5 ]+ \' U8 U9 dpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at0 g+ n* [& B2 {, |( M9 g6 Z& r* `: R4 T
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
8 u: u9 q# o- k! v1 Z, gmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
, Z. s3 ]/ E& A% T+ y1 _3 UThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
3 R. T4 u( n, _& j( m. U9 Jing frequent erections.! g* V3 H- }, e0 Q  m9 o
Both parents were again questioned about use of
) l  E8 N' M  ?; Wany ointment/creams that they may have applied to8 X4 h3 U$ U' T2 O& a( k
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
! e9 B- @. s1 @9 ATopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541  v' m+ m+ i6 D
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-: ?- s) }' {; c' D; f$ X
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for, `  Y* S* |+ D- P6 f7 L
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
0 f7 F4 A5 s" P: w+ j1 Qto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
4 h5 ]7 c1 G' M6 r# @- F# {. d4 ?scribed by his family physician for decreased libido) g# K, R/ ^9 A0 B4 K) a( p
secondary to depression.
" F; N" l% [( j, \( v% ^The child slept in the same bed with parents.
. A8 y- @% y- S; c# X* |# F. W, M* OThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his( L* F) O4 e* }" f( n3 k( I
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-2 ?4 E& S% @1 i5 d* e! i
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
7 M* N. n8 s1 G+ T4 E2 W. y0 V. Z4 OThe father also admitted that after the phone call,, v; K- U7 {( g; k$ ]
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby) R' k! F& t: F
was high, he then read the product information1 _( f% D; n6 h) s% j4 ]
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
  u: A0 K! w1 G$ v" Eson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they% X, i, m  W. G! z% e- g# V
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the3 r/ D4 q, b9 [! _  a4 N) G: |
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had6 v' }# {7 p+ g7 O& D. ~9 x
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 `* f' k  @" k2 d9 H- R0 }test was ordered, but the family did not go to the+ P. v5 z9 N2 c& t9 v+ \3 Z
laboratory to obtain the test.
7 `" f7 f- x/ E- k# ~/ DDiscussion
7 F6 X& U6 U' W3 zPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
6 D" ^/ K& G5 Z! ~9 ]- vsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4, s. ^% P. e" F7 z+ X
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when# H) x0 J* G- w& Z
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-' ]) o4 U# T/ V6 z5 t4 j
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
- r4 ?9 H/ T7 C& P" Mmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP: N" {* C& `  O
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
  V8 D$ q# _9 jresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
; ?! O& t, _# H; l! |+ l0 ?amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-5 k( _* D0 G% O, |. ~2 G& J9 ^
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
9 x* k; ^: i# w1 U9 Rboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
: x6 S/ J- @6 K  tization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-. K; G. Z- w. y4 p2 `
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% B2 e5 E! g! k/ G2 h( q4 c$ ]
gonadotropins.1,3
9 w: O$ {! ]' W+ l8 v9 `& NGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-# C- G, c& u8 T& u7 G+ E: B. R
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate- C7 A/ C% v8 P: \3 \" W% P9 d5 Z
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
5 U% [  Y  u: c! U& h9 j8 Lexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-) K4 P* z- A* a9 Z
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing% y. b2 M  p9 L9 f
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& |, s& t* X& k: l' U1 i5 badrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious$ w$ `5 k- }$ o6 {2 j
puberty in boys.3,4, r# C" q& F: ~- k( j. V
The most common form of congenital adrenal" o3 i8 M$ `1 R! j* U! o
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
& ]* z/ K6 B# M, F  bThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in9 b  X+ b. t, R! |8 L
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,& Q8 N1 A, F+ i+ _, o/ {2 l
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen, l; e7 |; Y* s! [$ s3 `, Q( @
excess.1,3
9 i; g5 k. X6 A' ]at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
0 e" Y. g7 Q# ^' x542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 x1 _' Q, z2 H! A
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-9 r( u+ Q3 H. Y8 S: V
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
9 B3 p! W+ H6 B+ ias testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a. u/ b8 q3 Y  Z( c
very young age. The physical findings in these boys7 g/ y7 \( H9 R) u* j  H) n
with this disorder are full pubertal development,0 l6 G% Q) p; }3 b5 ^; F6 h, m  |$ o" p
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys5 T* M* T4 T) E% J3 e/ {# |0 x* }) `
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ t) T5 V( j5 b! i
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show/ P& n: N8 ~, Z; y. X
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-% G9 m+ k5 w0 M6 O+ g7 ^' A
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked9 F% ~. C9 P) l& j8 [! m' T
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only- I% d+ A! X7 t7 A3 f! ]" Q- K$ g
males; therefore, other male members of the family
  U% G) u7 G2 tmay have similar precocious puberty.31 E3 b% P. e  B- `) {
In our patient, physical examination was incon-1 t* y& M3 W) @$ \+ |
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
; x3 [5 a5 P) t. p" Kcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
7 l9 }) n/ p. Q) U  O' W: Rwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
, A, R# H# I9 i8 [) Xstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,/ b; O& f/ W& z8 e0 G# [; _
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
1 b: e" F9 n. ^beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-$ T3 x# t$ m7 N; C6 V" [
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
& T3 m  }3 U) I# B& x& Dbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,% K: J4 o8 `9 T: ^( ~9 G7 ?) Z
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
) D2 q6 s% ?' r+ ], ]' Gdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
* {: Q: Q/ @5 uing the normal level of adrenal steroids./ _, s- }* g5 D2 l6 L6 v
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
0 h' {% J- @% o. [+ Q2 P: ususpected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
' N# t( O* B$ A  ]1 A6 Athe physical examination revealed the complete disap-8 z7 S( p4 V! `4 C* n( A* h9 \. K
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
4 {# F6 m9 b* W9 J* M5 F4 e" o4 kdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-5 Z; r+ i2 a4 {' ]  }
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
; [8 Y3 D+ T! g: ^, F1 Ousing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
- M/ d. q* ^+ B7 a# {& B' YDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or2 I; Y& H" L4 d- T8 c) Q
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
+ K2 @% g& |! m, Q% nunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ H* W; d! @7 B2 Q1 HSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
+ K' e% d* Q8 t4 ?6 O3 t+ dbaseline value in those females who were exposed to0 J% a9 T1 o& P/ ?3 x* k: Q
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
+ n  C4 |, }' i+ I# Ppartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
; d& b' H- G* F( ?tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.& t/ c* e7 e; V3 w2 z
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,1 S: ~; |0 R3 H# ^: u) P) _
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that8 A+ X$ O+ }( h: ?) N3 ^
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-6 \# s0 J& i5 S% a8 R
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- J; k2 n2 G& I& \# d0 {
active in young children exposed to testosterone2 a+ C7 P2 S- o; P" o5 ?
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
) z# ~7 e8 o0 G& E( Edrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to: \! E- P! D$ q% [3 U5 {7 d
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in3 N: K; D, i7 `( }
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
' }9 ?; U$ r: Z5 E$ E2 {% yadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.6 d- {( j$ T3 J6 i( B) K
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* U9 H3 u  T, l. R/ w0 bearly childhood on pubertal development and final  y9 M$ g2 N* f8 S6 _
adult height are not fully known and always remain; u; g+ h; z# F  L3 `
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
' w% p; ?# c2 Mterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
: L: p" P+ A( f5 s' Qacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
( g2 U9 E5 k5 G% K0 ocessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation# l  J# _* v5 w* L$ ~4 K' a0 |' y9 K
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9# i: t# h" I3 R7 ~
There are conflicting reports and controversy- S+ ~' z8 ]1 ]
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
* d( p; g9 K+ ^! ]8 Kpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal! d  Z) E. \- Z$ z
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
; I3 V8 s4 g8 E- \7 }ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
! y" N* @3 s' p6 W9 p. e2 X9 BSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between/ M0 O7 l3 r2 O- N* }; v" Z( N; W" t
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
' m. M+ |- H) ]& b& S- I) l7 `! Gpenile length in clinical studies.
* i8 Y& W* E6 X6 D/ ?- s5 xNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is0 ?( [' T* [. H. Z* f$ Q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
# D9 ~) z4 {6 w$ z7 W; y& Q, Q6 xtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because! |, V8 p7 d3 J2 B' l
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.. Q. ]) g7 e  y9 u. m' N- m* _" F" x
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
5 t0 E0 @4 t8 G2 @* `diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
) _3 }8 g- {/ v0 X; v: P- V. kthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
; [0 k# H& V" |3 w# u' J4 X9 sheight will not be affected.- R) A4 N: N: m
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
# d3 ~5 e' F4 z& Gability of androgen products in our society may
6 J2 @9 j0 I( _/ @indeed cause more virilization in male or female2 d. ^  z, l2 n1 P' v+ X9 f
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-7 d7 f+ ~3 ?( q8 U4 k: x- K1 A: G# X
gen products must be considered and specific ques-3 ^4 |) v5 a  F+ O; b
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or- w' E6 n; u) F7 i9 J/ Y* D
gel should be asked of the family members during# V+ @" R' Z' n/ A/ D* c% D* e' @3 [
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-' v- f3 F! i4 R
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
2 O9 C3 L# q  G4 r! r3 Vnosis can be established by just a few tests and by! m5 K8 }, T# G) k. R- ^
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
1 j0 L8 `6 c: W  u' Khistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may0 V1 F# A0 s, I  I" a
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
2 G6 `" _! P  p2 ^+ k% o0 |investigation. The primary care physician should be0 \" x5 k* |3 j
aware of this fact, because most of these children6 L; p; o( K' M. A9 [
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’+ ^3 q% H6 V/ N2 D: ?. C$ D; s8 l' ^+ L
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a& e8 G( ?+ c3 X4 h: i
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 {' t+ Y) K" y5 U, ]# Rfemale child who might come in contact with some-" U, k: K% Q) p2 Z
one using any of these products.
7 L/ {. S6 O$ _% S$ s# O* @. X& MReferences
5 ~  g' y: K+ A1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
" m" A9 x# v8 G3 Eand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric' V9 N: d. I% T9 }! G- N
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
: T5 y! D" U6 H( E% ^2002: 565-628.- \3 {3 C5 S3 \( g) U
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious( Z) U- `. p8 r2 K7 D$ x5 G2 r  A
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old" o0 C) M/ r4 Y4 Z% _2 I# n0 [
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
7 R; X) j/ s/ }% `. B, W' wExposure to Testosterone) h0 q; J9 i9 y4 w
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2% g" j9 B* R% b& j0 Q  ?
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
3 `8 ]5 e  H% ]1 p0 zClinical Pediatrics
4 O! I* ~5 k; g; f/ Z1 W% p! K1 y8 ~Volume 46 Number 67 v( }/ J: v* Q
July 2007 540-543
; V1 y. A9 k+ i% A8 Q1 Y  ^2 o© 2007 Sage Publications
: j7 \' p4 i, \: @9 q6 ]0 a10.1177/0009922806296651: a  l+ t) u# I7 W, w" }9 T+ }. k
http://clp.sagepub.com
1 \) F; p6 _6 M: P# o5 B! ~hosted at
! g  d+ [- j$ N) [http://online.sagepub.com4 f% c- C# _9 D6 j; \0 h0 T
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
% T4 d5 f" L, ~3 Z( wis a significant concern for physicians. Central
# d8 P" P; H/ u4 P6 n, U; Hprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated1 A  E  y0 W' h" f' B- N
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has* |0 k, n% v) c/ p$ D) @3 N' e
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
% M3 L  u4 i; \+ ]3 s2 Blesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested- S5 z* q# |6 ?+ h' k  {" K# ?
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic) x, e/ k! k' X" @+ I- ^9 S
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
" V9 U8 L5 j' B7 _2 ^cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We$ x4 F1 B- |8 V7 n; I
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
' r" |" f9 E# Senlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
3 V3 C6 u; o! O. f2 n0 }& jment without testicular enlargement, which was due
+ c2 G. s! g  @to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
, T$ O/ U& M7 @the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
; t! Q8 l& c, zmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this% S& y( u% D, H1 s, ~
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
" L( C( U$ |2 stestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
( }0 ^  ^+ p& m9 A" x! rbly more common than the rare case report in the8 M* i) r: V2 L! ~. v: A
literature.4
1 x7 s1 H6 H: CPatient Report
; h# _" g3 H. u" _1 ?) WA 16-month-old white child was referred to the4 ~8 V1 K/ T* o% F# X; x
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
& Y5 F' {) L/ x" Qof early sexual development. His mother noticed# A: S: m8 s. x
light colored pubic hair development when he was
4 C: J: L* m$ z' O6 i+ w. AFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of$ J, E% a! M4 f
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
  q+ J( o3 C* ~/ g0 yAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,$ E- W  m( F3 N6 s2 [
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of: Z2 F& P5 A) k9 ~4 y& {
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
% s- R  s/ T5 n' l2 l2 \4 _e-mail: [email protected].
2 L0 e( o- E+ N+ w9 ~$ Q7 S0 [% gabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
7 w( J! _" P# x1 @. ]darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-! s3 }$ M. t: b; C
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child' @+ b' t" [$ X' k4 ?
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 z. q* {+ N8 |# j9 i: E6 _a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
4 b/ o2 D6 C0 }% ~0 d' }1 t% i20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
; G( [1 i  s7 A( B! ]% @of life and was still receiving breast milk along with5 ~7 C3 O9 R% ^, C) d' M/ l
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,& F8 B4 D! C+ i8 Y0 t
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development2 J- V- x  D- k3 K
was age appropriate.
  w8 s# Z: J5 d9 o6 bThe family history was remarkable for the father,- a9 X) V. f* ~: N
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,5 D, W) [# H( K2 Z1 B7 ^
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
: O1 W# ^; A) E1 B  C! Qheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
% z% E' j/ p$ O/ G. h0 W/ Iearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14./ i2 c9 m. C4 ]* U" \
The father denied taking any other medication. The* S" y8 \6 l) S3 t/ R7 c9 Q
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
2 z: W0 X/ `0 J. g2 v9 v4 d1 Gwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet1 z) l3 l# ?$ K8 M- u- F
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-) G/ k: M8 l! j' t- \$ n+ R
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
" F* Z1 I" v8 I& g+ }tives. There were no siblings.  Q1 h5 M, ~: j% k( @8 o- l7 \5 N: I
Physical Examination
9 A( z, ^) c* \The physical examination revealed a very active,
6 `: D" H# M  q6 lplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented0 D( l) t% D3 t1 y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was6 `& i: b" b3 s, J- |7 O, G8 s
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
* e) Y, q: F0 G  @- A(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth+ T) w  x: D* f
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
* j- G! p6 [0 x, ~. G7 Gthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
7 P+ {1 q: \- e' p. CThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for6 l  _4 T& q3 f
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of5 o; ]" g2 @$ J$ f! c. z
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well( s; v6 i8 z. k
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around: n5 _: \! x8 W7 i% d
540( _8 S; P2 K8 q3 J# t0 A% R
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 w2 c; i8 |  `( `, W! y) h
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The2 ~4 b' e6 A! m$ ^
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
) k, i2 T$ J/ c' }The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
) M/ j4 c  g; c5 qoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
4 f# M4 l+ ]/ uabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.! ^- |2 W/ M) T0 |$ b2 ~
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+) A8 V9 Z. X% d6 ~0 l' z
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
: M6 M5 w- W. k% |  [2 E+ E" [of papilledema.
  ^7 l  p, G* \8 |8 I3 r9 [6 JLaboratory Evaluation
; |0 n- U( b7 VThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by2 [, x% Y9 G$ N7 f
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" c/ x+ b; s* a, y
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
  q. `9 }5 \- L/ E' ukaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
3 J# T/ ~1 e' ^& H+ s2 R# \showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
+ @/ e* X- }3 }2 x1 s0 R! Alating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
5 u3 U% G# k" _) d7 P6 {: @8 ZThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
6 F2 i4 E5 j& H6 K/ q' @# M# Iurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
9 R: P4 H4 U* T5 dwithin normal range for his age. The concentration9 X( H, Z3 l7 K" I( Y' I1 J, E' t! |
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL! x7 T6 ~8 G) o8 G4 d; Y4 A
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20- `% A) \/ x9 `
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-" b2 ]9 r" z$ L, c% B
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
3 c& y- |! c! v: R! J- P8 W3 _desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to  B! F, C+ f5 Q* T/ Q% ^; [
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 h; Y! R" E. n: B  R% fwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
$ ?- P/ D$ z$ Z$ F+ x3 A: Qtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
$ w4 \, O4 A/ k. X9 stestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),; |( b) Z' {8 e" |* ]# d
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than* I% @( g" ^* W* j% H" G
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular" R+ @0 v% b/ {( A. s) n
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
' ~$ ^( M5 u/ r+ g0 Z" D- D2 Iconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ P; |, f; P' q/ \. @/ j$ H(prepubertal).
% m& E# Z8 W5 k) S- ^8 o- G& |. ^The parents were notified about the laboratory2 [& ^6 T+ {, q8 H5 ]: z% K6 i* _
results and were informed that all of the tests were
7 T& T5 ^0 S5 \( a- a& R  Xnormal except the testosterone level was high. The: ~% j3 U9 S- ?: r" ~4 t# D$ [
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
* U( x$ Z: p# u2 iobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-2 [' G- l% N  f/ y2 g4 e5 t  W
ever, the family did not return for 4 months./ G4 d% I! b0 R8 G4 R3 s- m
Physical examination at this time revealed that the) k: @+ y& l; q) ^& f6 o) s
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
0 Z. R- `* p: ~% r) h8 t" H2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained. A+ u& b* c0 }# D  y
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
) Y$ u2 @+ s5 D1 d2 gpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
7 d/ p; T$ t! I) a: s4 ~0 ]the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
: I9 Y- ~* t( lmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.+ G% y* F4 ~; h# ~; y1 ]/ }0 ]
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-1 g7 L9 I7 C  ~, |; ^
ing frequent erections.
! w  U6 N/ {$ U6 q# G9 b' h* ?Both parents were again questioned about use of
, k0 r; l7 L7 Gany ointment/creams that they may have applied to) \5 L6 J$ q9 [, M$ p6 J9 L  N
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the( u6 p  }- l! g, V& ?2 f& y
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5418 C. C9 E- S; b5 x% t1 a: R
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-. M9 G7 r# O7 c8 R( @( v
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
: `8 l+ B( O/ d2 Q2 b7 Y5 `- x; va year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed7 h+ y$ W& E8 S7 z2 ?
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-& I: Z: i' d- V- }
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
5 j+ q; q/ ]% m' m6 z# t+ L/ hsecondary to depression.
; ~6 [9 M- q, l+ @3 aThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
, f1 `2 B/ c9 D: V. l  o  ~, IThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his/ \, Q2 h9 R' T+ Q
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
* K* ?" U  q' x2 B* y: b- i& Ynificant bare skin contact between baby and father.+ p  e" d1 X7 a4 n7 ?5 e  e% {
The father also admitted that after the phone call," H* J3 Y/ k% }& V4 U0 [, l0 B
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
5 ~% y& Z' p5 V5 Kwas high, he then read the product information4 B8 p! P6 Z& Q, C7 |; O# S. h
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
6 }7 u7 |: p. Y$ Dson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
+ Y+ D# k) M& Y# S4 x0 g6 Q9 Sdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the, ?9 Z( a# [# ~
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had2 \# b9 l. N8 A- \+ J1 \
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone: v& ~, p6 @8 J! ~) _# r. ?
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the0 @+ e( Y( T% z* z0 K
laboratory to obtain the test.+ T! h. p/ _" I+ h& ]9 U
Discussion
$ o3 y6 z7 c+ _. U: p5 ZPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary; D' W7 G: R, U9 B# A
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4& ~4 T2 E) s$ d: `$ a5 Q  [' g. F& H
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when$ {& r- b( \7 H  L
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-  `) ]* e6 N7 q* X8 |
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-1 G' {1 X5 T+ w+ g
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
: v. G' i4 {- Amay have a central nervous system lesion that is2 t2 N+ X9 j$ S. b. j& s6 s
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-; w. N0 Q- Z* ?3 O$ K: Z0 B
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
) J4 R8 m6 X7 `* psis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
9 l* E$ r5 x1 C, C* y* Zboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-' Z, q5 w6 x, k; g
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, g# c/ T' ?, X4 j6 ]# ?$ \rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% T& P0 n7 s5 a1 ?6 p
gonadotropins.1,3
/ f& N' O( P5 t7 K* iGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
- F& L' t( R. |* L4 W) h' L' Qcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
; T% ^! V/ U  b& A7 L5 I" }androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or$ Q# q! n( j9 v' o: X( U$ \
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-% Y4 F0 `# e1 s6 c0 G- A/ D5 e
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing1 v' }8 o' G( {6 H, |
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive" H( x+ ^# c3 n6 E9 F) y
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
: x( ]; F1 b" rpuberty in boys.3,4
/ |, O" D  u. e& V" G/ aThe most common form of congenital adrenal, T4 E* V8 {# o  m* q1 V: r
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
; a& z( v) Q1 t( r0 YThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in! J* Q, s' a* r* [
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
  j. |) o, d2 ~! yan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
& s2 G9 h0 g4 K6 A4 }% Aexcess.1,3) B5 }8 A) i" G/ A6 w# ~
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 E) }9 \: w6 D/ ]( N  P  X& e542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
6 ?) t9 ^( v8 K* g1 RA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
$ G+ ]: e5 _7 a) {+ C. Kindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
& W' u7 l1 X# c1 ^+ L  uas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a2 W! j% Y% B0 B, e* \/ m. W; V* b
very young age. The physical findings in these boys0 k- c) P+ M! f( y! x; }
with this disorder are full pubertal development,' l* r6 E6 }' E4 a+ q& m
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
) ^) Y" f! }* l! _; G( Owith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder7 l1 }8 Y" B, B" s
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show/ M  c0 i! I, [4 A0 A
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
; g9 g; U4 @8 \$ p$ Q+ }! ?7 K, p9 S# Nreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
( `( S& J7 c; a3 ^: q# ^5 Vautosomal dominant disorder that affects only" o7 [: i. \  _8 v8 `9 u& e
males; therefore, other male members of the family. i4 g5 B0 F' a3 ^! v- X( C) `
may have similar precocious puberty.3% U; _- N' i6 W( g' T. a
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
7 @2 `3 j5 O/ c* h, Lsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-1 v5 v* @$ O. O# g% v
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
) c$ {/ b! z. c, _; S8 Mwas in the differential diagnosis because his father' ~, G+ J+ |+ P! Y2 d
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,3 Q- }) M' R7 U, |$ O
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the6 c/ {* E' Z0 d
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
1 C" @" b" B: F; r* ^. @& \ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
2 q) E3 E4 ]% U8 ^biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
* M& B( f( j7 e6 Keither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
7 N$ v) t! \. Adeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
4 ?5 J8 V( u& Jing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
9 I8 i& }3 a! B) b- H; h; kThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
; Q' [8 \7 \& b8 b5 @: b- P. ksuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because  z3 Q" S( W$ {5 \( _) _5 {
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-4 c9 k4 u$ j$ r" R& y7 V
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
0 ~0 X3 W4 i7 d* ?5 `: i9 idecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-+ O* G6 N( q/ E0 K  H
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 N4 a$ ^: O$ t+ Fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
7 |' e& K+ V5 e: u* g8 P. fDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or  O' K( M- \) C
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to) j9 w2 R- t( }: Z9 b
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
6 l6 ~' ?. l9 Q6 WSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the6 K0 ]+ `4 H* }0 z& s! |
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
; b; O4 L5 L6 S" }+ i2 seven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
" F) W3 h) W+ y& rpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-: a. Z1 V8 m3 ~, p, b8 L% c
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
! \5 ?& Y8 f' X% f2 NOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,) ~. M& w- ^  |
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that/ t7 \3 W1 W- V6 t. {! g4 M
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
" V) Z! O" q/ O/ D2 ]4 yterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
8 C% q' k- D$ n2 @0 ^! ], ?" w/ Eactive in young children exposed to testosterone, G4 M7 D& w! `" w# I9 j0 L4 E
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-8 e; S$ N3 B7 ^( I
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
2 B0 R/ x+ t1 F% I+ O6 F7 bvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
9 P2 R8 }: i' ?) z) I# zchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
' s( K) k& r. }& R" S+ badvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.3 M9 G4 x. d" `  u
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during$ i. Q3 B2 e9 A; D$ d- F
early childhood on pubertal development and final
! l  x( x5 s  m# ~- ^) Zadult height are not fully known and always remain
7 C! f9 l1 h' {9 t6 L+ ka concern. Children treated with short-term testos-* m# ?  D( J1 w9 ~3 Q& ?
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some# t+ J  i- f* s# \& D
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
1 X6 V& ]8 D3 b8 S( {" Ycessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation- b+ _8 ]5 a# N! Y  e
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
# {# j4 V9 A3 e# F2 p$ p. [0 dThere are conflicting reports and controversy
7 V; f  B/ v  L& Qover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
0 L4 {4 O* D8 ^/ ?0 W& l" k! gpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
- |* p- ?9 q& j3 Z8 _$ Badult penile length, apparently because of downreg-! Y: z1 c% `2 _) o
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,8 s! d# @: q) D5 Y
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
( f! r+ `+ H3 ychildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult' ~* A! W8 J( I6 S) F# j. m9 T
penile length in clinical studies.8 b  S  V! H7 N: P
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
  T4 }# F& p( U. Q; Hgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
9 f* V/ W# R) @' W/ ]testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because( l$ }! x' g8 P6 v9 k5 S
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
: n: g6 _( _5 K# m$ T' e. Z, DAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
% z2 j3 z2 N+ ~; }diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
! R& U2 e& R# y/ R9 @$ Hthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
4 S( k7 B. _3 }3 w- o8 e2 hheight will not be affected.7 z) ]1 c) r" x6 {/ e9 }/ h
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-8 I. a: `& A6 v9 W6 A+ c
ability of androgen products in our society may6 W+ \: g, u* t) e6 y% r; r
indeed cause more virilization in male or female0 `/ x% \/ q% P
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
/ w3 _& D2 M" j0 z: X4 wgen products must be considered and specific ques-# i9 l7 B* g- Y6 ]- i% X! t
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
% T, _  k9 l& G4 [- ggel should be asked of the family members during
: Y# ^9 m5 O& ^, Z3 ]the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
5 T+ d- p' T2 _ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
& ]% r# s$ v6 ~6 P  |  ^6 Mnosis can be established by just a few tests and by. [- W2 X' L+ G
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
4 R) C% _" N1 e. O# E6 m4 G4 Hhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may0 R- I: I) q$ N3 l
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive$ z# h4 a, P3 W: s4 ]9 A2 p$ a
investigation. The primary care physician should be
+ j) q; a  m) c" f8 baware of this fact, because most of these children
+ i6 ~2 U9 ?8 C# `3 {may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
% Q* [  e: u: n5 W4 LDesk Reference and package insert should also put a  i- h) h$ h; _
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or& B5 Z$ Z2 @5 R6 ^4 V8 M
female child who might come in contact with some-  A  y) R5 X6 o9 g/ V
one using any of these products.( y0 k# V8 g/ x
References: u  A! |+ ^) B6 [: d
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation1 p4 u* F$ d$ w% G6 Y6 U" W
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
/ Z7 o( p0 N# }  IEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;' @7 L# [# m, x/ M
2002: 565-628.
6 c" C  V( Q3 m3 u' d2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious- e. M! g- J2 |) F6 R/ O3 @
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
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+ H. L0 ?3 W- T) H8 M% M
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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